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classical literature

  • 1 classical

    [ˈklæsɪkəl] adjective
    1) ( especially of literature, art etc) of ancient Greece and Rome:

    classical studies.

    كلاسيكي، قَديم
    2) (of music) having the traditional, established harmony and/or form:

    He prefers classical music to popular music.

    كلاسيكي، تَقْليدي، إتِّباعي
    3) (of literature) considered to be of the highest class.
    كلاسيكي، راقِ، دَرَجَه عاليَه

    Arabic-English dictionary > classical

  • 2 ספרות קלסית

    classical literature

    Hebrew-English dictionary > ספרות קלסית

  • 3 класична литература

    classical literature

    Македонско-англиски речник > класична литература

  • 4 clásico

    adj.
    classical, classic.
    m.
    classic.
    * * *
    1 (de los clásicos) classical
    2 (típico) classic, typical
    3 (tradicional) classic
    1 classic
    ————————
    1 classic
    * * *
    1. noun m. 2. (f. - clásica)
    adj.
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) (Arte, Mús) classical
    2) (=característico) classic
    3) (=de época) [coche] vintage
    4) [costumbre] time-honoured
    5) (=destacado) outstanding, remarkable
    2. SM
    1) (=obra, película) classic
    2) (=artista, escritor) outstanding figure, big name *
    CLÁSICO ¿"Classic" o "classical"? Hay que tener en cuenta que el adjetivo clásico se puede traducir por classic o por classical: ► Se traduce por classic cuando el sustantivo al que acompaña reúne todas las características propias de su especie o cuando nos referimos a películas, libros {etc} de una calidad extraordinaria: Es el clásico ejemplo de niño mimado He's a classic example of a spoilt child ... una de las historias de detectives clásicas de esa época...... one of the classic detective stories of that time... ► Se traduce por classical cuando clásico hace referencia a la música clásica o a asuntos relacionados con las civilizaciones griega y romana: Cuanta más música clásica escucho más me gusta The more classical music I listen to the more I enjoy it El Partenón es uno de los ejemplos más significativos de la arquitectura clásica The Parthenon is one of the most significant examples of classical architecture Para otros usos y ejemplos ver la entrada
    * * *
    I
    - ca adjetivo
    a) <decoración/estilo/ropa> classical
    b) < música> classical; < método> standard, traditional; <error/malentendido/caso> classic
    c) <lengua/mundo> classical
    II
    a) ( obra) classic
    b) ( autor)
    c) (AmL) (Dep) traditional big game
    * * *
    I
    - ca adjetivo
    a) <decoración/estilo/ropa> classical
    b) < música> classical; < método> standard, traditional; <error/malentendido/caso> classic
    c) <lengua/mundo> classical
    II
    a) ( obra) classic
    b) ( autor)
    c) (AmL) (Dep) traditional big game
    * * *
    clásico1
    1 = classic.
    Nota: Nombre.

    Ex: Some recipe classics never go out of fashion and fairy cakes top the list.

    * clásico de la literatura = literary classic.
    * clásico literario = literary classic.
    * clásicos = classics, oldies.

    clásico2
    2 = classic, classical, vintage, conventional, classicising [classicizing, -USA], classicised [classicized, -USA], vintage.

    Ex: The classic and well-known example of such a distinction is that which is frequently found in libraries where books are arranged in separate sequences according to their size; for example, octavo, quarto and folio.

    Ex: Music, especially classical works, often requires the establishment of a uniform title.
    Ex: Indeed, advantage was taken of the tenth anniversary of British membership to make 1983 a vintage year for monographs on the European Communities.
    Ex: The foregoing discussion concerning analytical entries assumes implicitly a conventional catalogue format, that is, card, microform or other printed catalogue.
    Ex: By modelling her portraits on ancient Roman busts, she was responding to cultural and political forces which fostered a classicizing style.
    Ex: His Cubist still lifes with figures rendered in a sketchily classicized style echoes the conflict between the academic and the avant-garde in the early 20th century.
    Ex: When she discovered vintage comics and their lurid covers, she went nuts.
    * a imitación de lo clásico = classicising [classicizing, -USA], classicised [classicized, -USA].
    * arquitectura clásica = classical architecture.
    * ejemplo clásico = classical example.
    * época clásica, la = classical age, the.
    * imitando a lo clásico = classicising [classicizing, -USA], classicised [classicized, -USA].
    * latín clásico = Classical Latin.
    * literatura clásica = classical literature.
    * mundo clásico, el = classical world, the.
    * neoclásico = neoclassical [neo-classical].
    * obra anónima clásica = anonymous classic.
    * texto clásico = classical text.

    * * *
    clásico1 -ca
    1 ‹decoración/estilo/ropa› classical
    2 ‹método› standard, traditional; ‹error/malentendido› classic
    el clásico remedio para la gripe the traditional cure for flu
    es el clásico caso de la niña pobre que se casa con un hombre rico it's the classic case of the poor girl who marries a rich man
    3 ‹lengua/mundo› classical
    1 (obra) classic
    2
    (autor): los Beatles y otros clásicos de la música pop the Beatles and other giants of pop music o other all-time great pop stars
    3 ( AmL) ( Dep) traditional big game
    * * *

    clásico 1
    ◊ -ca adjetivo

    a) ‹lengua/mundo› classical;

    ‹decoración/estilo/ropa› classical

    ‹error/malentendido/caso› classic
    clásico 2 sustantivo masculino

    b) (AmL) (Dep) traditional big game

    clásico,-a
    I adjetivo
    1 Arte classical
    una obra clásica de la literatura universal, a classic work of world literature
    2 (tradicional) classic
    3 (típico) classic: le hicieron las clásicas preguntas tontas, they asked him all the typically stupid questions
    II sustantivo masculino classic
    Si clásico se refiere a una obra escrita durante un periodo clásico (romano, griego, etc.), se traduce por classical: Virgilio es un autor clásico. Virgil is a classical writer. Si se refiere a algo típico y conocido, se traduce por classic: Es un ejemplo clásico. It's a classic example.
    ' clásico' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    clásica
    English:
    classic
    - classical
    - conventional
    - dance
    - vintage
    - ancient
    - derby
    * * *
    clásico, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [de la Antigüedad] classical;
    lenguas clásicas classical languages
    2. [ejemplar, prototípico] classic
    3. [peinado, estilo] classical;
    tiene unos gustos muy clásicos she has very classical tastes
    4. [música] classical
    5. [habitual] customary;
    es muy clásico en estos casos it's very typical in these cases
    6. [peculiar]
    clásico de typical of
    ♦ nm
    1. [escritor, músico] classic
    2. [obra] classic;
    un clásico de la música moderna a classic of modern music
    3. Am Dep big game
    * * *
    I adj classical
    II m classic
    * * *
    clásico, -ca adj
    1) : classic
    2) : classical
    : classic
    * * *
    clásico1 adj classical
    clásico2 n classic

    Spanish-English dictionary > clásico

  • 5 literatura

    f.
    literature.
    * * *
    1 literature
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    * * *
    femenino literature
    * * *
    = literature, belles-lettres, literary studies.
    Ex. Hearing books read will then be the only way they can receive the great body of the best literature in their native tongue.
    Ex. The self help section that will include practical social information as well as belles-lettres.
    Ex. Linguistics and literary studies, like most of the other liberal arts, have undergone considerable changes since the 1960s.
    ----
    * amante de la literatura = literary.
    * apreciación de la literatura = literature appreciation.
    * Asociación Europea para la Literatura Gris (EAGLE) = European Association for Grey Literature (EAGLE).
    * clásico de la literatura = literary classic.
    * clasificación de la literatura narrativa = fiction classification.
    * crecimiento de la literatura = literature growth.
    * explosión de la literatura, la = literature explosion, the.
    * historia de la literatura = literary history.
    * libro de literatura no ficticia = non-fiction book.
    * literatura americana = American literature.
    * literatura barata = pulp fiction.
    * literatura científica = scientific literature, subject literature, scholarly literature.
    * literatura clásica = classical literature.
    * literatura de divulgación = reportage.
    * literatura de escape = escape literature.
    * literatura de evasión = escapist literature.
    * literatura de ficción = imaginative literature, imaginative writing.
    * literatura de imaginación = fiction.
    * literatura de medicina = medical literature.
    * literatura de no ficción = subject literature.
    * literatura de viajes = travel literature.
    * literatura fantástica = fantasy literature.
    * literatura folclórica = folk literature.
    * literatura gris = grey literature (GL).
    * literatura histórica = historic literature.
    * literatura infantil = kiddy lit(erature), children's literature, children's fiction.
    * literatura juvenil = juvenile fiction, young adult literature.
    * literatura médica = medical literature.
    * literatura narrativa = fiction, genre fiction.
    * literatura no ficticia = non-fiction [nonfiction], subject literature.
    * literatura para adolescentes = young adult fiction.
    * literatura para adultos = adult literature, adult fiction.
    * literatura popular = popular literature.
    * literatura profesional = literature, professional literature.
    * literatura propagandista = promotional literature.
    * literatura regional = regional literature.
    * literatura seriada = serial fiction.
    * literatura técnica = technical literature.
    * literatura tradicional = folk literature.
    * no amante de la literatura = non-literary.
    * obra de literatura = literary work.
    * obras de literatura = literary materials.
    * repaso de la literatura = information survey.
    * sección de literatura narrativa = fiction section.
    * SIGLE (Sistema de Información sobre Literatura Gris en Europa) = SIGLE (System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe).
    * teoría de la literatura = literary theory.
    * * *
    femenino literature
    * * *
    = literature, belles-lettres, literary studies.

    Ex: Hearing books read will then be the only way they can receive the great body of the best literature in their native tongue.

    Ex: The self help section that will include practical social information as well as belles-lettres.
    Ex: Linguistics and literary studies, like most of the other liberal arts, have undergone considerable changes since the 1960s.
    * amante de la literatura = literary.
    * apreciación de la literatura = literature appreciation.
    * Asociación Europea para la Literatura Gris (EAGLE) = European Association for Grey Literature (EAGLE).
    * clásico de la literatura = literary classic.
    * clasificación de la literatura narrativa = fiction classification.
    * crecimiento de la literatura = literature growth.
    * explosión de la literatura, la = literature explosion, the.
    * historia de la literatura = literary history.
    * libro de literatura no ficticia = non-fiction book.
    * literatura americana = American literature.
    * literatura barata = pulp fiction.
    * literatura científica = scientific literature, subject literature, scholarly literature.
    * literatura clásica = classical literature.
    * literatura de divulgación = reportage.
    * literatura de escape = escape literature.
    * literatura de evasión = escapist literature.
    * literatura de ficción = imaginative literature, imaginative writing.
    * literatura de imaginación = fiction.
    * literatura de medicina = medical literature.
    * literatura de no ficción = subject literature.
    * literatura de viajes = travel literature.
    * literatura fantástica = fantasy literature.
    * literatura folclórica = folk literature.
    * literatura gris = grey literature (GL).
    * literatura histórica = historic literature.
    * literatura infantil = kiddy lit(erature), children's literature, children's fiction.
    * literatura juvenil = juvenile fiction, young adult literature.
    * literatura médica = medical literature.
    * literatura narrativa = fiction, genre fiction.
    * literatura no ficticia = non-fiction [nonfiction], subject literature.
    * literatura para adolescentes = young adult fiction.
    * literatura para adultos = adult literature, adult fiction.
    * literatura popular = popular literature.
    * literatura profesional = literature, professional literature.
    * literatura propagandista = promotional literature.
    * literatura regional = regional literature.
    * literatura seriada = serial fiction.
    * literatura técnica = technical literature.
    * literatura tradicional = folk literature.
    * no amante de la literatura = non-literary.
    * obra de literatura = literary work.
    * obras de literatura = literary materials.
    * repaso de la literatura = information survey.
    * sección de literatura narrativa = fiction section.
    * SIGLE (Sistema de Información sobre Literatura Gris en Europa) = SIGLE (System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe).
    * teoría de la literatura = literary theory.

    * * *
    literature
    existe abundante literatura sobre el tema there is a wealth of literature on the subject
    en esta biblioteca escasea la literatura científica in this library there is a shortage of science books
    Compuestos:
    escapist literature
    fantasy
    juvenile books (pl) ( AmE), children's books (pl) ( BrE)
    romantic fiction, novelettes (pl)
    * * *

    literatura sustantivo femenino
    literature;

    literatura sustantivo femenino literature

    ' literatura' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    clásica
    - clásico
    - entendida
    - entendido
    - gusto
    - histórica
    - histórico
    - laguna
    - pirata
    - señera
    - señero
    - underground
    - vida
    - culto
    - de
    - infantil
    - latino
    English:
    letter
    - literature
    - modern
    - writing
    * * *
    1. [arte, obras] literature
    literatura comparada comparative literature;
    literatura fantástica fantasy (literature);
    2. [bibliografía] literature;
    hay mucha literatura sobre el periodo there's a lot of literature on the period
    * * *
    f literature
    * * *
    : literature
    * * *
    literatura n literature

    Spanish-English dictionary > literatura

  • 6 literatura clásica

    Ex. Younger students tended to have a greater proportion of books on teaching methodology, while older colleagues bought more classical literature.
    * * *

    Ex: Younger students tended to have a greater proportion of books on teaching methodology, while older colleagues bought more classical literature.

    Spanish-English dictionary > literatura clásica

  • 7 классика

    только ед.; коллект.
    the classics мн.; classical literature; classical music
    * * *
    * * *
    the classics classical literature; classical music

    Новый русско-английский словарь > классика

  • 8 klasyczny

    adj
    ( antyczny) classic(al); (typowy, doskonały) classic

    styl klasyczny — ( w pływaniu) breast-stroke

    taniec/balet klasyczny — classical dance/ballet

    * * *
    a.
    1. ( antyczny) classical; filologia klasyczna Classics; języki klasyczne classical languages.
    2. (= klasycystyczny) classical, classicistic; tragedia klasyczna classical tragedy; literatura klasyczna classical literature; balet klasyczny classical balet.
    3. (= typowy) classic; klasyczny przykład classic example, typical example.
    4. (= tradycyjny) classical; fizyka klasyczna classical physics; metoda klasyczna classical method; kombinacja klasyczna narciarstwo Nordic combined; styl klasyczny pływanie breaststroke.

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > klasyczny

  • 9 clásico2

    2 = classic, classical, vintage, conventional, classicising [classicizing, -USA], classicised [classicized, -USA], vintage.
    Ex. The classic and well-known example of such a distinction is that which is frequently found in libraries where books are arranged in separate sequences according to their size; for example, octavo, quarto and folio.
    Ex. Music, especially classical works, often requires the establishment of a uniform title.
    Ex. Indeed, advantage was taken of the tenth anniversary of British membership to make 1983 a vintage year for monographs on the European Communities.
    Ex. The foregoing discussion concerning analytical entries assumes implicitly a conventional catalogue format, that is, card, microform or other printed catalogue.
    Ex. By modelling her portraits on ancient Roman busts, she was responding to cultural and political forces which fostered a classicizing style.
    Ex. His Cubist still lifes with figures rendered in a sketchily classicized style echoes the conflict between the academic and the avant-garde in the early 20th century.
    Ex. When she discovered vintage comics and their lurid covers, she went nuts.
    ----
    * a imitación de lo clásico = classicising [classicizing, -USA], classicised [classicized, -USA].
    * arquitectura clásica = classical architecture.
    * ejemplo clásico = classical example.
    * época clásica, la = classical age, the.
    * imitando a lo clásico = classicising [classicizing, -USA], classicised [classicized, -USA].
    * latín clásico = Classical Latin.
    * literatura clásica = classical literature.
    * mundo clásico, el = classical world, the.
    * neoclásico = neoclassical [neo-classical].
    * obra anónima clásica = anonymous classic.
    * texto clásico = classical text.

    Spanish-English dictionary > clásico2

  • 10 metodología de la enseñanza

    Ex. Younger students tended to have a greater proportion of books on teaching methodology, while older colleagues bought more classical literature.
    * * *

    Ex: Younger students tended to have a greater proportion of books on teaching methodology, while older colleagues bought more classical literature.

    Spanish-English dictionary > metodología de la enseñanza

  • 11 klassiek

    1 [met betrekking tot de Griekse/Romeinse Oudheid] classical
    2 [voorbeeldig in zijn soort] classic
    ♦voorbeelden:
    1   de klassieke letteren • classical literature; classics 〈 studie〉
         de klassieke Oudheid • classical antiquity
    2   een klassiek voorbeeld • a classic example
         die film/dat boek is nu klassiek • that film/book has become a classic
    1 [(als) van vroeger] classic(al) ⇒ traditional
    ♦voorbeelden:
    1   een klassiek begin • a standard opener 〈 toespraak, gesprek, voorstelling〉
         klassieke meubelen • period furniture
         klassieke muziek • classical music
         een probleem klassiek oplossen • solve a problem in a traditional way

    Van Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels > klassiek

  • 12 классика

    ж. собир.
    the classics pl.; (о литературе тж.) classical literature; (о музыке тж.) classical music

    Русско-английский словарь Смирнитского > классика

  • 13 классика

    ж. тж. собир.
    classic(s) (pl); (о литературе тж.) classical literature; (о музыке тж.) classical music

    ру́сская о́перная кла́ссика — Russian classical operas pl

    э́тот анекдо́т - уже́ кла́ссика — that joke is (already) a classic

    Новый большой русско-английский словарь > классика

  • 14 Klassik

    f
    1. classical period
    2. classicism
    classical literature
    classical music

    Deutsch-Englisches Wörterbuch > Klassik

  • 15 The Lusiads

       Portugal's national epic poem of the Age of Discoveries, written by the nation's most celebrated poet, Luís de Camões. Published in 1572, toward the end of the adventurous life of Camões, Os Lusíadas is the most famous and most often-quoted piece of literature in Portugal. Modeled in part on the style and format of Virgil's Aeneid, Os Lusíadas is the story of Portugal's long history, and features an evocation of the Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama's epic discovery of the sea route from Portugal to Asia. Part of the epic poem was composed when Camões was in royal service in Portugal's Asian empire, including in Goa and Macau. While the dramatic framework is dominated by various deities from classical literature, much of what is described in Portugal, Africa, and Asia is real and accurately rendered by the classically educated (at Coimbra University) Camões, who witnessed both the apogee and the beginning of decline of Portugal's seaborne empire and world power.
       While the poet praises imperial power and greatness, Camões features a prescient naysayer: "The Old Man of Restelo," on the beach where Vasco da Gama is about to embark for Indian adventures, criticizes Portuguese expansion beyond Africa to Asia. Camões was questioning the high price of an Asian empire, and gave voice to those anti-imperialists and "Doubting Thomases" in the country who opposed more overseas expansion beyond Africa. It is interesting to note that in the Portuguese language usage and tradition since the establishment of The Lusiads as a national poem, "The Old Man of Restelo" ("O Velho do Restelo") came to symbolize not a wise Cassandra with timely warnings that Portugal would be fatally weakened by empire and might fall prey to neighboring Spain, but merely a Doubting Thomas in popular sentiment. The Lusiads soon became universally celebrated and accepted, and it has been translated into many languages. In the history of criticism in Portugal, more has been written about Camões and The Lusiads than about any other author or work in Portuguese literature, now more than a thousand years in the making.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > The Lusiads

  • 16 историческая живопись

    1) General subject: history-painting

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > историческая живопись

  • 17 античный

    ancient, classical

    Русско-английский словарь Смирнитского > античный

  • 18 उप


    úpa
    ind. (a preposition orﾠ prefix to verbs andﾠ nouns, expressing) towards, near to (opposed to apa, away), by the side of, with, together with, under, down (e.g.. upa-gam, to go near, undergo;

    upa-gamana, approaching;
    in the Veda the verb has sometimes to be supplied from the context,
    andﾠ sometimes upa is placed after the verb to which it belongs,
    e.g.. āyayurupa = upâ̱yayuḥ, they approached)
    (As unconnected with verbs andﾠ prefixed to nouns upa expresses)
    direction towards, nearness, contiguity in space, time, number, degree, resemblance, andﾠ relationship,
    but with the idea of subordination andﾠ inferiority
    (e.g.. upa-kanishṭhikā, the finger next to the little finger;
    upa-purāṇam, a secondary orﾠ subordinate Purāṇa;
    upa-daṡa, nearly ten);
    sometimes forming with the nouns to which it is prefixed compound adverbs (e.g.. upa-mūlam, at the root;
    upa-pūrva-rātram, towards the beginning of night;
    upa-kūpe, near a well) which lose their adverbial terminations if they are again compounded with nouns (e.g.. upakūpa-jalâ̱ṡaya, a reservoir in the neighbourhood of a well);
    prefixed to proper names upa may express in classical literature « a younger brother»
    (e.g.. upêndra, « the younger brother of Indra»),
    andﾠ in Buddhist literature « a son»
    (As a separable adverb upa rarely expresses)
    thereto, further, moreover
    (e.g.. tatrôpabrahmayoveda,
    who further knows the Brahman) RV. AV. ṠBr. PārGṛ. ;
    (As a separable preposition)
    near to, towards, in the direction of, under, below
    (with acc. e.g.. upaāṡāḥ, towards the regions);
    near to, at, on, upon;
    at the time of, upon, up to, in, above (with loc. e.g.. upasānushu, on the tops of the mountains);
    with, together with, at the same time with, according to (with inst. e.g.. upadharmabhiḥ, according to the rules of duty) RV. AV. ṠBr. upa, besides the meanings given above, is said by native authorities to imply disease, extinction;
    ornament;
    command;
    reproof;
    undertaking;
    giving;
    killing;
    diffusing;
    wish;
    power;
    effort;
    resemblance, etc.;
    + cf. Zd. upa;
    Gk. ὑπό;
    Lat. sub;
    Goth. uf;
    Old Germ. oba;
    Mod. Germ. ob in Obdach, obliegen, etc.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > उप

  • 19 अक्षन् _akṣan

    अक्षन् a. [अक्ष्-बाहु ˚कनिन्] The eye (Ved.); भद्रं पश्येमा- क्षभिर्यजत्राः Rv.1.89.8; दक्षिणे$क्षन् Bṛi. Ār. Up. In classical literature used only in the declension of अक्षि.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > अक्षन् _akṣan

  • 20 अपि _api

    अपि ind. (Sometimes with the अ dropped according to the opinion of Bhāguri; वष्टि भागुरिरल्लोपमवाप्योरुपसर्गयोः; पिधा, पिधान &c.)
    1 (Used with roots and nouns in the sense of) Placing near or over, taking towards, uniting with; reaching or going up to, proximity, nearness &c. [cf. Gr. epi, Zend api, Germ. and Eng. be]. (Note:- अपि, as a prefix to roots, occurs mostly in Veda, its place being taken by अभि in classical literature).
    -2 (As a separable adverb or conjunction) And, also, too, moreover, besides, in addition, having a cumulative force (समुच्चय); अस्ति मे सोदरस्नेहो$प्येतेषु; Ś.1 on one's part, in one's turn; विष्णुशर्मणा$पि राजपुत्राः पाठिताः Pt.1; राजा$पि मुनिवाक्यमङ्गीकृत्यातिष्ठत् Dk.2; अपि-अपि or अपि च as well as, and also; अपि स्तुहि, अपि सिञ्च P.I.4.46 Sk., न नापि-न चैव, न वा$पि, नापि वा चापि neither-nor; न चापि काव्यं नवमित्यवद्यम् M.1.2 nor; वा$पि or; अल्पो$प्येवं महान् वा$पि Ms.3.53 whether small or great.
    -3 It is often used to express emphasis in the sense of 'too', 'even', 'very'; विधुरपि विधियोगाद् ग्रस्यते राहुणा$सौ H.1.19 the very moon; यूयमप्यनेन कर्मणा परिश्रान्ताः Ś.1 even you, you also; अन्यदपि also another; अद्यापि even, yet, still, even now; इदानीमपि even now; मुहूर्तमपि even for a moment, for one moment at least; नाद्यापि not yet; यद्यपि though, although, even if; तथापि still, यद्यपि बहु नाधीषे तथापि पठ पुत्र व्याकरणम्; nevertheless, notwithstanding, yet; sometimes यद्यपि is understood, तथा$पि only being used; as in भवादृशेषु प्रमदाजनोदितं भवत्यधिक्षेप इवानुशासनम् । तथा$पि वक्तुं व्यवसाययन्ति मां निरस्तनारीसमया दुराधयः Ki 1.28.
    -4 Though (oft. translatable by 'even', 'even if'); सरसिजमनुविद्धं शैवलेनापि रम्यम् Ś.1.2 though over-spread &c.; इयमधिकमनोज्ञा वल्कलेनापि तन्वी ibid. though in her bark dress; बलवदपि शिक्षितानाम् 1.2 though ever so learned. In this sense अपि is most frequently used by writers to show real or imaginary opposition (विरोध); कृष्णमपि असुदर्शनम्, पुष्पवत्यपि पवित्रा &c.
    -5 But however.
    -6 Used at the beginning of sen- tences अपि introduces a question; अपि सन्निहितो$त्र कुलपतिः Ś.i; अपि क्रियार्थं सुलभं समित्कुशं...अपि स्वशक्त्या तपसि प्रवर्तसे Ku.5.33,34,35; अप्यग्रणीर्मन्त्रकृतामृषीणां कुशाग्रबुद्धे कुशली गुरुस्ते R.5.4.
    -7 Hope, expectation (usually with the potential mood); कृतं रामसदृशं कर्म । अपि जीवेत्स ब्राह्मणशिशुः U.2 I hope the Brāhmaṇa boy comes to life. Note-- In this sense अपि is frequently used with नाम and has the sense of (a) 'is it likely', 'may it be'; (b) 'perhaps', 'in all probabi- lity' or (c) 'would that', 'I wish or hope that'; अपि नाम कुलपतेरियमसवर्णक्षेत्रसंभवा स्यात् Ś.1; Ś.7; तदपि नाम मनागवतीर्णो$सि रतिरमणबाणगोचरम् Māl.1 perhaps, in all probability; अपि नाम तयोः कल्याणिनोः अभिमतः पाणिग्रहः स्यात् ibid.; अपि नाम रामभद्रः पुनरपीदं वनमलङ्कुर्यात् U.2; 'is it likely', 'I wish'; यथा वनज्योत्स्नानुरूपेण पादपेन संगता अपि नाम एवमहमप्यात्मनो$नुरूपं वरं लभेयेति Ś.1 would that; अपि नामाहं पुरूरवा भवेयम् V.2 I wish I were P.
    -8 Affixed to inter- rogative words, अपि makes the sense indefinite, 'any', 'some'; को$पि some one; कीमपि something; कुत्रापि some- where; कदा$पि at any time; कथमपि any how &c. के$पि एते प्रवयसः त्वां दिदृक्षवः U.4 some people. It may often be translated by 'unknown', 'indescribable', 'inexpres- sible' (अनिर्वाच्य); व्यतिषजति पदार्थानान्तरः को$पि हेतुः U.6.12. तत्तस्य किमपि द्रव्यं यो हि यस्य प्रियो जनः 2.19; Mu.3.22; K.143; को$पि महिमा स्यात् U.6,6.11,7.12; Māl.1.26; R.1.46.
    -9 After words expressing number, अपि has the sense of 'totality', 'all'; चतुर्णामपि वर्णानाम् of all the 4 castes; सर्वैरपि राज्ञां प्रयोजनम् Pt.1.
    -1 It sometimes ex- presses 'doubt' or 'uncertainty', 'fear' (शङ्का); अपि चोरो भवेत् G. M. there is perhaps a thief.
    -11 (with pot. mood) It has the sense of संभावना 'possibility', 'sup- position'; P.I.4.96;III.3.154; अपि स्तुयाद्विष्णुम्, अपि स्तुयाद्राजानम्, अपि गिरिं शिरसा भिन्द्यात् Sk.; सो$यमपि सिञ्चेत्सहस्रं द्राक्षाणां क्षणेनैकेन Dk.127.
    -12 Contempt, censure, or re- proof; P.I.4.96,III.3.142; धिग्देवदत्तमपि स्तुयाद् वृषलम्; धिग्जाल्मं देवदत्तमपि सिञ्चेत् पलाण्डुम्; अपि जायां त्यजसि जातु गणिका- माधत्से गर्हितमेतत् Sk. shame to &c. or fie upon, Deva- datta &c.
    -13 It is also used with the Imperative mood to mark 'indifference on the part of the speaker', where he permits another to do as he likes, (अन्ववसर्ग or काम- चारानुज्ञा, the imperative being softened;) अपि स्तुहि Sk. you may praise (if you like); अपि स्तुह्यपि सेधा$स्मांस्तथ्यमुक्तं नराशन Bk.8.92.
    -14 अपि is sometimes used as a particle of exclamation,
    -15 Rarely in the sense of 'there- fore', 'hence' (अत एव).
    -16 Used as a separable preposition with gen. it is said to express the sense of a word understood (पदार्थ), and is treated as a कर्म- प्रवचनीय P.I.4.96; the example usually given is सर्पि- षो$पि स्यात् where some word like बिन्दुरपि 'a drop,' 'a little' &c. has to be understood, 'there may perhaps be a drop of ghee', 'I presume there may be at least a drop' &c. अपि संभावनाप्रश्नशङ्कागर्हासमुच्चये । तथायुक्तपदार्थेषु कामचारक्रियासु च ॥ Viśva.; अपिः पदार्थसंभावनान्ववसर्गगर्हासमुच्चयेषु P.I.4.96. G. M. adds the sense of आशिस् 'blessing' (भद्रमपि), मृति 'death' (मरणमपि) and भूषा 'decoration' (अपि नह्यति हारं). cf. also...अपिः प्रश्नविरोधयोः । संभावनायां गर्हायां समुच्चयवितर्कयोः । Nm.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > अपि _api

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